- spooling
- A process on a server in which print documents are stored on a disk
until a printer is ready to process them. A spooler accepts each document
from each client, stores it, and sends it to a printer when the printer
is ready.
- SRV (service) resource record
- See service (SRV) resource record.
- stand-alone certification authority
- A Windows 2000 certification authority that is not integrated
with Active Directory. See also certification authority; enterprise
certification authority.
- stand-alone Dfs
- Implementation of Dfs that stores its configuration in the local
registry. It is intended for backward compatibility with previous
versions of Dfs. A stand-alone Dfs root has the following characteristics:
it does not use Active Directory (or FRS file replication) and it
cannot have replicas at the root level.
- stand-alone server
- A computer that runs Windows 2000 Server but does not participate
in a domain. A stand-alone server has only its own database of users,
and it processes logon requests by itself. It does not share account
information with any other computer and cannot provide access to domain
accounts. See also member server; domain controller; global group;
local group.
- standard error (STDERR)
- In UNIX, the defined receiver of error messages about a process.
By default, the standard error goes to the terminal.
- standard input (STDIN)
- In UNIX, the defined source of input for a process. By default,
standard input comes from the terminal.
- standard output (STDOUT)
- In UNIX, the defined receiver for output from a process. By default,
the standard output goes to the terminal.
- Standard TCP/IP Port Monitor
- A port monitor that connects a Windows 2000 print server to
network-interface printers that use the TCP/IP protocol. It replaces
LPRMON for TCP/IP printers connected directly to the network through
a network adapter. Printers connected to a UNIX or VAX host that requires
RFC 1179 compliance may still require LPRMON on the print server.
- start of authority (SOA) resource
record
- A record that indicates the starting point or original point of
authority for information stored in a zone. The SOA resource record
(RR) is the first RR created when adding a new zone. It also contains
several parameters used by others to determine how long other DNS
servers will use information for the zone and how often updates are
required. See also authoritative; zone.
- stateless
- As related to servers, not involving the update of a server-side
database based on a client request. As related to the handling of
files, the content of the file is not modified or noticed. For Web
servers, a stateless client request, which members of a Network Load
Balancing cluster can process, is one that returns a static Web page
to the client.
- static router
- A router with manually configured routing tables. A network administrator,
with knowledge of the internetwork topology, manually builds and updates
the routing table, programming all routes in the routing table. Static
routers can work well for small internetworks but do not scale well
to large or dynamically changing internetworks due to their manual
administration.
- static routing
- Routing limited to fixed routing tables, as opposed to dynamically
updated routing tables. See also dynamic routing; routing; routing
table.
- static services
- An IPX service that is permanently stored in a SAP table. Static
services are advertised using normal SAP processes. Static SAP services
are typically used to define the services that are available across
a demand-dial connection.
- status area
- The area on the taskbar to the right of the taskbar buttons. The
status area displays the time and can also contain icons that provide
quick access to programs, such as Volume Control and Power Options.
Other icons can appear temporarily, providing information about the
status of activities. For example, the printer icon appears after
a document has been sent to the printer and disappears when printing
is complete.
- StickyKeys
- An accessibility feature built into Windows that causes modifier
keys such as SHIFT, CTRL, WINDOWS LOGO, or ALT to stay on after they
are pressed, eliminating the need to press multiple keys simultaneously.
This feature facilitates the use of modifier keys for users who are
unable to hold down one key while pressing another.
- Stop error
- A serious error that affects the operating system and that could
place data at risk. The operating system generates an obvious message,
a screen with the Stop message, rather than continuing on and possibly
corrupting data. Also known as a fatal system error. See also Stop
message.
- Stop message
- A character-based, full-screen error message displayed on a blue
background. A Stop message indicates that the Windows 2000 kernel
detected a condition from which it cannot recover. Each message is
uniquely identified by a Stop error code (a hexadecimal number) and
a string indicating the error's symbolic name. Stop messages are usually
followed by up to four additional hexadecimal numbers, enclosed in
parentheses, which identify developer-defined error parameters. A
driver or device may be identified as the cause of the error. A series
of troubleshooting tips are also displayed, along with an indication
that, if the system was configured to do so, a memory dump file was
saved for later use by a kernel debugger. See also Stop error.
- storage hierarchy
- A directed cyclic graph of linked storage pools.
- storage pool
- A unit of storage administered by Removable Storage and composed
of homogenous storage media. A storage pool is a self-contained storage
area with homogenous characteristics (for example, random access,
sequential access, read/write, and write-once).
- storage-class resource
- A required dependency for many resource types: a resource that manages
a disk in the cluster that can be accessed using a drive letter. Windows 2000
Advanced Server provides one storage-class resource: Physical Disk.
However, vendors or resellers may supply other storage-class resource
types. See also resource type.
- store-and-forward replication
- A replication model, used by Active Directory, in which changes
are not sent directly from one domain controller to all other domain
controllers. Instead, a system of replication partners is created
automatically by the system, taking advantage of the existing connections.
Replication through neighboring systems is also called transitive
replication. See also Active Directory replication; multimaster replication.
- stream
- A sequence of bits, bytes, or other small structurally uniform units.
- Stream Input/Output (Stream I/O)
- A protocol that provides access to IBM host data one file at a time,
as opposed to one record at a time, such as with Structured Query
Language (SQL).
- stream socket
- A socket using the Windows Sockets API that provides a two-way,
reliable, sequenced, and unduplicated flow of data.
- streaming media servers
- Software (such as Microsoft Media Technologies) that provides multimedia
support, allowing you to deliver content by using Advanced Streaming
Format over an intranet or the Internet.
- stripe set
- The saving of data across identical partitions on different drives.
A stripe set does not provide fault tolerance; however, stripe sets
with parity do provide fault tolerance. See also fault tolerance;
partition; stripe set with parity; volume set.
- stripe set with parity
- A method of data protection in which data is striped in large blocks
across all the disks in an array. Data redundancy is provided by the
parity information. This method provides fault tolerance. See also
stripe set, fault tolerance.
- striped volume
- A volume that stores data in stripes on two or more physical disks.
Data in a striped volume is allocated alternately and evenly (in stripes)
to these disks. Striped volumes offer the best performance of all
volumes available in Windows 2000, but they do not provide fault
tolerance. If a disk in a striped volume fails, the data in the entire
volume is lost. You can create striped volumes only on dynamic disks.
Striped volumes cannot be mirrored or extended. In Windows NT
4.0, a striped volume was known as a stripe set. See also dynamic
disk, dynamic volume, fault tolerance, volume.
- structural classes
- The only classes that can have instances in the directory. That
is, you can create directory objects whose class is one of the structural
classes.
- structured query language (SQL)
- A widely accepted standard database sublanguage used in querying,
updating, and managing relational databases.
- stub area
- An OSPF area that does not advertise individual external networks.
Routing to all external networks in a stub area is done through a
default route (destination 0.0.0.0 with the network mask of 0.0.0.0).
- subarea
- An area composed of one subarea node (a type 5 host node or a type
4 node [a Front End Processor]) and the resources it controls, including
type 2 nodes.
- subclass
- A classSchema object that inherits from some other classSchema object.
For example, a subclass inherits structure and content rules from
the parent object.
- subClassOf
- The class from which this object inherits attributes. For structural
classes, the subClassOf can be a structural or abstract class. For
abstract classes, the subClassOf can only be an abstract class. For
auxiliary classes, the subClassOf can be an abstract or auxiliary
class.
The value is the lDAPDisplayName of a class. You must ensure that
the class exists or will exist when the new class is written to
the directory. If class does not exist, the classSchema object will
fail to be added to the directory.
- subdomain
- A DNS domain located directly beneath another domain name (the parent
domain) in the namespace tree. For example, "eu.reskit.com"
is a subdomain of the domain "reskit.com."
- subject
- An entity acting on an object. For example, when a thread of execution
opens a file, the thread is a subject and the file is the object of
its action. See also object; thread.
- subkey
- In the registry, a key within a key. Subkeys are analogous to subdirectories
in the registry hierarchy. Keys and subkeys are similar to the section
header in .ini files; however, subkeys can carry out functions. See
also key.
- subnet
- A subdivision of an IP network. Each subnet has its own unique subnetted
network ID.
- subnet mask
- A 32-bit value expressed as four decimal numbers from 0 to 255,
separated by periods (for example, 255.255.0.0). This number allows
TCP/IP to determine the network ID portion of an IP address.
- subnetted network ID
- A network ID for a subnetted network segment that is the result
of a subdivision of a TCP/IP network ID.
- subnetted reverse lookup zone
- A reverse lookup zone authoritative for only a portion of a Class
C network address. Subnetted reverse lookup zones are not required
even if a network is subnetted; they are merely an administrative
choice. See also reverse lookup zone.
- subnetting
- The act of subdividing the address space of a TCP/IP network ID
into smaller network segments, each with its own subnetted network
ID.
- subordinate reference
- In Active Directory, knowledge of a partition or partitions directly
below a partition held by a domain controller.
- subordinate referral
- In an LDAP search, information about a directory location that is
returned by a subtree search. If a subtree search has a search base
that includes child directory partitions, the domain controller uses
subordinate references to return a subordinate referral to a domain
controller that stores the requested partition.
- subtree search
- See search scope.
- superclass
- The class from which a subclass derives all mandatory and optional
attributes in addition to those specific to the class itself.
- superior reference
- In Active Directory, knowledge about a referral location that is
used when the domain controller has no knowledge of the search base.
- supernetting
- The practice of expressing a range of IP network IDs using a single
IP network ID and subnet mask. Supernettting is a route aggregation
and summarization technique.
- superscope
- An administrative grouping of scopes that can be used to support
multiple, logical IP subnets on the same physical subnet. Superscopes
contain a list of member scopes, or child scopes, that can be activated
as a collection.
- switch
- A computer or other network-enabled device that controls routing
and operation of a signal path. In clustering, a switch is used to
connect the cluster hosts to a router or other source of incoming
network connections. See also routing.
- switched virtual circuit (SVC)
- A connection established dynamically between devices on an ATM network
through the use of signaling.
- symmetric interrupt distribution
- A mechanism for distributing interrupts across available processors.
- symmetric key
- A single key that is used with symmetric encryption algorithms for
both encryption and decryption. See also bulk encryption; encryption;
decryption; session key.
- symmetric key encryption
- An encryption algorithm that requires the same secret key to be
used for both encryption and decryption. This is often called secret
key encryption. Because of its speed, symmetric encryption is typically
used rather than public key encryption when a message sender needs
to encrypt large amounts of data.
- symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
- A computer architecture in which multiple processors share the same
memory, which contains one copy of the operating system, one copy
of any applications that are in use, and one copy of the data. Because
the operating system divides the workload into tasks and assigns those
tasks to whatever processors are available, SMP reduces transaction
time.
- symmetric-key algorithm
- A symmetric cipher that uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
See also symmetric key encryption; symmetric key; public key algorithm.
- symmetric-key cryptography
- A type of cryptography that uses symmetric keys to provide confidentiality.
See also cryptography; symmetric-key encryption; symmetric-key algorithm.
- Synchronization Manager
- In Windows 2000, the tool used to ensure that a file or directory
on a client computer contains the same data as a matching file or
directory on a server.
- Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange
(SAMI)
- A format optimized for creating captions and audio descriptions
in a single document.
- synchronous processing
- The default Group Policy processing mode in Windows 2000. In
this default mode users cannot log on until all computer Group Policy
objects have been processed and cannot begin working on their computers
until all user Group Policy objects have been processed.
- Syspart
- A process that executes through an optional parameter of Winnt32.exe.
Used for clean installations to computers that have dissimilar hardware.
This automated installation method reduces deployment time by eliminating
the file-copy phase of Setup. See automated installation.
- Sysprep
- A tool that prepares the hard disk on a source computer for duplication
to target computers and then runs a third-party disk-imaging process.
This automated installation method is used when the hard disk on the
master computer is identical to those of the target computers. See
automated installation.
- system access control list (SACL)
- The part of an object's security descriptor that specifies which
events are to be audited per user or group. Examples of auditing events
are file access, logon attempts, and system shutdowns. See also access
control entry (ACE); discretionary access control list (DACL); object;
security descriptor.
- system call
- A routine that makes the operating system available to a program
or that requests services from the operating system.
- system files
- Files that are used by Windows to load, configure, and run the operating
system. Generally, system files must never be deleted or moved.
- System Key (SysKey)
- A tool provided with Windows 2000 to protect all symmetric
cryptographic keys in a domain or organizational unit by encrypting
them with a 128-bit random key.
- System Monitor
- A tool that supports detailed monitoring of the use of operating
system resources. System Monitor is hosted, along with Performance
Logs and Alerts, in the Performance console. The functionality of
System Monitor is based on Windows NT Performance Monitor, not
Windows 98 System Monitor.
- system policy
- In network administration, the part of Group Policy that is concerned
with the current user and local computer settings in the registry.
In Windows 2000, system policy is sometimes called software policy
and is one of several services provided by Group Policy, a Microsoft
Management Console (MMC) snap-in. The Windows NT 4.0 System Policy
Editor, Poledit.exe, is included with Windows 2000 for backward
compatibility. That is, administrators need it to set system policy
on Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95 computers. See also Microsoft
Management Console (MMC); registry.
- System State
- A collection of system-specific data that can be backed up and restored.
For all Windows 2000 operating systems, the System State data
includes the registry, the class registration database, and the system
boot files. For Windows 2000 Server, the system state data also
includes the Certificate Services database (if the server is operating
as a certificate server). If the server is a domain controller, the
system state data also includes Active Directory and the Sysvol directory.
See also Active Directory; domain controller; Sysvol.
- system-Only attributes
- Attributes on which Windows 2000 and Active Directory depend
for normal operations.
- systemAuxiliaryClass
- A multivalued property that specifies the auxiliary classes from
which a class inherits. After creation of the class, this property
cannot be changed.
Each value is the lDAPDisplayName of a class. You must ensure that
the classes exist, or will exist, when the new class is written
to the directory. If one of the classes does not exist, the classSchema
object will fail to be added to the directory.
The full set of auxiliary classes that this class inherits from
is the union of the systemAuxiliaryClass and auxiliaryClass on this
class as well as the systemAuxiliaryClass and auxiliaryClass properties
of all inherited classes.
- systemMayContain
- A multi-valued property that specifies the attributes that may be
present on instances of this class. These are optional attributes
that are not mandatory and, therefore, may or may not be present on
an instance of this class. After creation of the class, this property
cannot be changed.
Each value is the lDAPDisplayName of an attribute. You must ensure
that the attributes exist or will exist when the new class is written
to the directory. If one of the attributes does not exist, the classSchema
object will fail to be added to the directory.
The full set of optional attributes for this class is the union
of the systemMayContain and mayContain on this class as well as
the systemMayContain and mayContain properties of all inherited
classes.
- systemMustContain
- A multivalued property that specifies the attributes that must be
present on instances of this class. These are mandatory attributes
that must be present during creation and cannot be cleared after creation.
After creation of the class, this property cannot be changed.
Each value is the lDAPDisplayName of an attribute. You must ensure
that the attributes exist or will exist when the new class is written
to the directory. If one of the attributes does not exist, the classSchema
object will fail to be added to the directory.
The full set of mandatory attributes for this class is the union
of the systemMustContain and mustContain on this class as well as
the systemMustContain and mustContain properties of all inherited
classes.
- systemPossSuperiors
- A multivalued property that specifies the structural classes that
can be legal parents of instances of this class. After creation of
the class, this property cannot be changed.
Each value is the lDAPDisplayName of a class. You must ensure that
the classes exist or will exist when the new class is written to
the directory. If one of the classes does not exist, the classSchema
object will fail to be added to the directory.
The full set of possible superiors is the union of the systemPossSuperiors
and possSuperiors on this class as well as the systemPossSuperiors
and possSuperiors properties of all inherited superclasses (structural
or abstract classes). Note that possSuperiors are not inherited
from auxiliary classes.
- systemroot
- The path and folder name where the Windows 2000 system files
are located. Typically, this is C:\Winnt, although a different drive
or folder can be designated when Windows 2000 is installed. The
value %systemroot% can be used to replace the actual
location of the folder that contains the Windows 2000 system
files. To identify your systemroot folder, click Start, click Run,
and then type %systemroot%.
- Systems Management Server
- A part of the Windows BackOffice suite of products. Systems Management
Server (SMS) includes inventory collection, deployment, and diagnostic
tools. SMS can significantly automate the task of upgrading software,
allow remote problem solving, provide asset management information,
manage software licenses, and monitor computers and networks.
- Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
- A communications framework developed by IBM to define network functions
and establish standards for enabling computers to share and process
data.
- Sysvol
- A shared directory that stores the server's copy of the domain's
public files, which are replicated among all domain controllers in
the domain. See also domain controller.
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